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An Introduction to Sexual Development
Sexual Development by Age Groups
Male Sexual Development
Female Sexual Development
Children and Sexuality
Adolescent sexuality
References
SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
FEMALE
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In girls, puberty occurs between age 8 and 13, and is triggered when the ovaries and adrenal glands begin to increase the production of estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is responsible for maintaining the main female characteristics, and during the monthly cycle its production peaks just before ovulation to help nourish the lining of the uterus [womb] and prepare it for a fertilised egg. Progesterone is produced immediately after ovulation until menstruation. These hormones are also produced in men, but to a much lesser extent than in women.
Growth: one of the first signs is a sudden growth spurt, usually around the age of ten. Fat is laid down under the skin especially on the breasts, upper arms, hips, buttocks and thighs. The sweat glands become more active, sometimes leading to body odour and oil-producing sebaceous glands, which can occasionally cause acne. Over time the pelvis starts to broaden.
Hair: as early as 10-12, hair starts to grow over the pubis, legs and arms, in the armpits, around the nipples and sometimes above the upper lip.
Menstruation; usually starts at about 11-13 years, this is often related to when her mother and sisters started, and it is believed that the critical weight of 47.8 Kg must be reached to start menstruating [called menarche]. Girls who are anorectic or intense exercisers have delayed menarche [2]. Menstruation is usually irregular for the first 2 years.
Breasts: the first sign of puberty is the swelling of the areola [the dark area around the nipple]. The nipples then enlarge and the breasts grow. Breasts are often unequal in size and shape at first. Genes and hormone levels influence the rate at which breasts grow and their eventual size. Breasts are supported by special tissue that prevents sagging and maintains shape and firmness. Breasts are made up of fatty tissue and millions of tiny glands that are connected to the nipples by a system of ducts. These glands produce milk [in a process called lactation] to feed a baby after giving birth and, regardless of the size or shape of their breasts, most women are able to breastfeed if they want to.
